There have been several changes to German Transfer Pricing rules in the past months. 8 June 2021 saw the publication of the "Withholding Tax Relief Modernization Act" ("Abzugsteuerentlastungsmodernisierungsgesetz", WTRMA). Furthermore, the Act on the Implementation of the Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD Implementation Act) was published on 30 June 2021. For Transfer Pricing, this mainly results in changes to section 1 of the Foreign Tax Act (FTA). Additionally, new administrative principles representing the view of the German tax authority were recently released, which are discussed in a separate article. The following provides a brief overview of the main amendments to German tax law.
Transfer Pricing methods
The previously applicable hierarchy of Transfer Pricing methods and priority of the OECD standard methods over profit-based methods are abandoned. According to the new section 1 (3) FTA, the most appropriate Transfer Pricing method is to be applied instead ("best method rule"). That said, if the comparable uncontrolled price method and another Transfer Pricing method are equally reliable, the legal justification still prefers the comparable uncontrolled price method in line with the OECD Guidelines 2017.
Narrowing of ranges
The interquartile range method for narrowing a range of comparable values with limited comparability is now regulated by law in new section 1 (3a) FTA. It stipulates that if the values themselves do not provide any indications of how they could be narrowed down, the interquartile range method is to be applied. If the transfer price used by the taxpayer is outside the (whole or narrowed) range, a correction shall be made to the median, unless the taxpayer can prove that another value within the range is in line with the arm’s-length principle.
Transfer of functions
The rules on the transfer of functions are now regulated in section 1 (3b) FTA. If no comparable data can be found for the transfer of the function as a whole, the area of agreement is to be determined on the basis of the transfer package. The three escape clauses previously applicable have been removed. That said, another escape clause has been added, specifying that outsourcing cases requires no valuation of a transfer package. The criteria for the existence of a transfer of functions has been tightened. It is now sufficient for the existence of a transfer of functions that assets or (compared to “and” previously) other benefits are transferred.
Intangibles and DEMPE
Particularly noteworthy are the new provisions in section 1 (3c) FTA. For the first time, "intangibles" are defined by law in line with the guidance described in the OECD Guidelines 2017. Likewise, the OECD DEMPE (Development, Enhancement, Maintenance, Protection and Exploitation) concept entered German tax law. Exercise and control of functions in connection with the development, enhancement, maintenance, protection and exploitation of IP shall be remunerated at arm’s length based on a functional, asset and risk analysis. Legal ownership of an intangible serves only as a starting point for determining the arm’s-length remuneration and does not constitute a claim to the residual income. The mere financing connected with the development, enhancement, maintenance or protection of an intangible does not entitle the financing entity to claim the residual income resulting from the exploitation of the intangible. The legal justification of the WTRMA emphasizes that the economic approach established by the OECD has always been and still is the basis for Transfer Pricing audits in Germany such that in theory DEMPE should have been applicable all along.
Price Adjustment Clause
The previous period for possible price adjustments due to significant deviations has been shortened from ten to seven years in section 1a FTA.
Advance Pricing Agreements
Also new is the now introduced legal basis for advance pricing agreements in section 89a German Tax Code. APAs can only be requested for facts that have not yet been realized at the time of application for a certain period of validity. The latter should not exceed five years. A signed APA may be extended beyond the specified period of validity or may be applied to assessment periods preceding the period of application of the APA upon request. The application requirements are also regulated by law. The rules on APAs apply to applications submitted on or after 9 June 2021.
The amendments to German tax law presented above essentially represent an update to existing Transfer Pricing rules in light of changes at an international level. The new tax law is generally to be applied from assessment period 2022 onwards.
Read the WTS Global Transfer Pricing Newsletter here.
